142 Spirituality Studies (Ar. fardhu kifayah) are more publicly emphasized for males, potentially fostering earlier and stronger internalization of purpose-driven and socially responsible meaning structures (Koburtay, Syed, and Al Salhi 2022, 2475). In contrast, female adolescents in conservative Indonesian Islamic contexts may express meaning through relational and domestic domains that are not fully captured by the present scale items (Seedat 2021, 136). These differential socialization patterns rather than any inherent psychological differences may account for the expected gender gap in both meaning dimensions. This framework is consistent with prior empirical evidence indicating that gender differences in religiosity and meaning-making are largely attributable to socialization processes rather than biological factors (Liu et al. 2022, 1087668). Based on theoretical frameworks, prior empirical evidence on gender differences in religious socialization and emotional processing, and the exploratory nature of this pre-experimental investigation, the following hypotheses are proposed: H1. Male participants will report significantly higher self-oriented meaning scores than female participants at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measurements. H2. Male participants will report significantly higher other-oriented meaning scores than female participants at pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measurements. H3. Descriptive patterns of change in both self-oriented and other-oriented meaning scores across measurement points will provide preliminary feasibility indicators for the integrated intervention, with gender-related differences explored as secondary descriptive findings. 2 Method 2.1 Research Design This study employed a pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test with follow-up design. All participants received the integrated REBT intervention, with measurements at three time points: pre-test (baseline), post-test (immediately after the eight-week intervention), and follow-up (four weeks post-intervention). While this design permits examination of within-subject changes and gender differences, the absence of a control group limits causal inference. 2.2 Participants From public secondary institutions located in Magelang and Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia, the study included 50 Muslim adolescents, 23 males and 27 females, aged 16 to 18 years (M = 17.1, SD = 0.8). It is acknowledged that a sample of N = 50 represents a subcritical size for multivariate MANOVA procedures, which typically require larger samples to achieve adequate statistical power (Cohen 1988). A formal a priori power analysis was not conducted prior to data collection, which increases the risk of Type II errors that is, failing to detect true effects that may exist. This sample size was constrained by the availability of eligible participants within the selected schools and the pilot nature of the present study. Accordingly, all findings are interpreted with appropriate caution, and effect sizes are reported alongside significance values to provide additional context for evaluating the practical significance of observed differences. Participants were randomly assigned to two distinct intervention groups (N = 25 per group) and were provided different module content pertaining to self-oriented and other-oriented meaning dimensions, while the REBT and music-relaxation components were kept the same for the two groups. Although this constitutes a between-group variation in module content, it was not treated as an independent variable in the analyses for the following reasons. First, the two modules were designed as complementary components of a single integrated intervention rather than as competing treatment conditions Module A addressed self-oriented meaning and Module B addressed other-oriented meaning, together constituting the full intervention framework. Second, given the pilot feasibility nature of this study and the subcritical sample size (N = 50), introducing group membership as an additional between-subjects factor would have substantially reduced statistical power
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