108 Spirituality Studies 3.7 Operationalization 3.7.1 Temporality (RQ1) Temporality is defined as the structural mode through which spiritual transformation is conceptualized in terms of sequence, completion, and reversibility. The typology distinguishes four possible temporal configurations within Sufi discourse. Table 1 The Typology of Possible Temporal Configurations within Sufi Discourse Code Type Characteristic L Linear Irreversible progression toward a final state C Cyclical Return to the initial state R Recursive Repetition accompanied by qualitative transformation E Eschatological Completion beyond the historical process Coding was based on the presence of specific textual indicators within the analyzed passages. Indicators include: • explicit mention of the possibility of losing a maqām; • descriptions of tajallī as continuously renewed or non-identical; • characterization of ḥāl as temporary or unstable; • explicit denial of a definitive final spiritual state. Passages containing multiple indicators of non-finalized transformation were coded as recursive (R), while passages emphasizing final culmination or irreversible progress were coded as linear (L). 3.7.2 Repetition (RQ2) Repetition is treated as a structural mechanism for sustaining spiritual transformation through practice. Table 2 The Functional Role of Repetition Was Coded Using the Following Scale Code Status of Repetition 0 Marginal 1 Instrumental 2 Constitutive Coding was based on whether repetition appeared: • as a secondary or optional element (Code 0), • as a supportive practice aiding transformation (Code 1), • or as a structural requirement without which transformation cannot be sustained (Code 2). Indicators include: • priority of mudāwama (Ar. “constancy”) over intensity; • the obligatory or foundational character of dhikr; • systematic practice of muḥāsaba (Ar. “self-accounting”); • explicit statements that spiritual stability depends on regular repetition of practice. Passages that frame repetition as essential for maintaining spiritual states or stabilizing maqām were coded as constitutive (Code 2).
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