Spirituality Studies 5 Phan Thi Tho et al. just a result of workload, but of ethical dissonance and cultural isolation. The WPRM addresses this by integrating the “ethical dimension” (Pi. sīla) (MN 117) – specifically the discernment between wholesome and unwholesome states – which is frequently absent in secular adaptations. Recent research (Phophichit et al. 2025) further underscores that incorporating spiritual principles enhances cultural resonance for Buddhist populations, reinforcing the necessity of such integration in workplace interventions. Previous research has yielded encouraging findings in related domains, indicating that brief mindfulness meditation interventions can effectively reduce psychological distress and burnout (Cheng et al. 2022). Burnout prevention in a Vietnamese migrant context in Japan requires addressing emotional strain and cultural dissonance; culturally resonant mindfulness intervention is the proposed solution to enhance employee well-being (Tho et al. 2025, 974). Mediational analyses further revealed that post-intervention differences in mindfulness and self-compassion played a mediating role in the observed reductions in stress, burnout, and symptoms of anxiety and depression during follow-up assessments of mindfulness-based stress reduction programs (Roeser et al. 2013, 787). This study aims to advance existing scholarship by systematically investigating the impact of the WPRM on a wide range of psychological indicators. Focusing on changes in burnout and overall well-being, the research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how this mindfulness-based intervention affects participants’ mental health. The study was designed to achieve three SMART objec‑ tives: 1. To assess feasibility and acceptability of delivering a two-day WPRM retreat (recruitment, retention, adherence, and satisfaction) for Vietnamese employees in Japan. 2. To describe baseline levels of burnout (MBI-GS) and well-being (WHO-5) in this participant group at program entry. 3. To estimate immediate pre-post changes in burnout (MBI‑GS) and well‑being (WHO‑5) and to explore cultural/spiritual fit using brief (10–15 minute) semi-structured post-retreat debrief reflections. The study’s aims and feasibility criteria: This early‑phase, single‑arm feasibility study was designed to (a) evaluate feasibility/acceptability of delivering a two‑day WPRM retreat and (b) estimate immediate pre-post changes in burnout and well‑being to inform a future controlled trial. Accordingly, we prespecified feasibility criteria (retention, adherence, satisfaction) and treated quantitative outcomes as preliminary pre-post estimates rather than confirmatory tests of efficacy. Feasibility hypotheses: HF1. Retention will be ≥ 90% (participants complete the two-day retreat and both pre- and post-assessments). HF2. Adherence to the core retreat schedule will be ≥ 85 %, defined as attending ≥ 85% of scheduled sessions per participant (per-session attendance log recorded by the research team). HF3. Program acceptability will be high (mean satisfaction ≥ 4.0/5 and ≥ 85% of participants rating the program 4 or 5). Qualitative convergence hypotheses: HQ1. Qualitative accounts will converge with the quantitative pattern by describing perceived changes in stress recognition, emotion regulation, self-regulation, and meaning-making. This study used a single-arm pretest-posttest pre-experimental mixed-methods feasibility design and was conducted at Dai Nam Temple in Himeji City, Hyogo Province, Japan. The naturalistic retreat setting enabled standardized pre-post measurement and qualitative exploration of participants’ lived experience, while acknowledging that the absence of a control group limits causal inference.
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