Spirituality Studies 161 Thijs Huijs et al. able for secular people with serious illness, such as lung cancer. Some of the concepts of non-religious spirituality refer to panentheism, roughly defined as a worldview according to which everything is divine, Petrufová Joppová (2023, 9) or God is in everything and everything is in God (van der Ven 1998, 161). To systematically evaluate how spirituality and coping are assessed in existing research, we need an approach that considers their intersections. Specifically, it is assessed whether existing instruments measure spirituality as operationalized through connectedness with oneself, others, nature, and the transcendent, as well as meaningfulness understood as meaning-making. Furthermore, coping is measured through items on these same forms of connectedness. To achieve this, a literature review of existing spirituality and coping questionnaires is conducted, evaluating whether their items account for these dimensions of spirituality and coping. 2 Method The screening process is conducted in five distinct steps: (1) article selection; (2) questionnaire relevance screening; (3) screening of spirituality-related items; (4) screening of spiritual coping items; and (5) screening of item formulation quality. 2.1 Article Selection To systematically evaluate how spirituality and coping are measured in existing research, a literature search was conducted using the Web of Science, APA PsycInfo, Embase and Medline databases with search terms: (spiritual OR meaning making OR transcendence OR existential) AND (questionnaire OR survey OR item) AND (coping OR adaptive). These terms are chosen to capture a broad range of relevant instruments. The first part of the search (spiritual OR meaning making OR transcendence OR existential) reflects different conceptualizations of spirituality. “Existential” is included because this term has a strong relationship with spirituality, sometimes spirituality is perceived as an existential quest. The second part of the query (questionnaire OR survey OR item) refers to questionnaire or survey items. The third component of the search query (“coping” OR “adaptive”) ensured that measures of spirituality were examined specifically in the context of coping, thereby capturing constructs related to both spirituality and coping. Duplicates, defined as articles with 97% content similarity, were automatically removed using Rayyan’s tool (Rayyan 2024). Next, one researcher screened the articles for keywords related to spirituality, meaning, transcendence, and existential themes, as well as the terms “questionnaire”, “questionnaires”, “survey”, “item”, “coping”, and “adaptive”. Articles in which these keywords did not appear in the title or abstract were excluded. 2.2 Questionnaire Screening If the list of questionnaire items was not provided in the article, additional inquiries or searches were made to identify the original publications that presented the development of the relevant scales or items. The following exclusion criteria were applied: (1) questionnaires with specifically religious items. In the Netherlands, “secular” does not necessarily
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