8 Spirituality Studies 11-2 Fall 2025 3 Research Model Based on the theoretical background, this study proposes a mediation model for mindfulness, spirituality, and tourism well-being (considering AWB and CWB). In this model, spirituality would function as a mediator between mindfulness and tourism well-being. Also, this model considers that mindfulness has a positive direct effect on tourism well-being and an indirect impact on tourism well-being via spirituality (Figure 1). The present study aims to (1) explore the direct relations among mindfulness, spirituality, 4 Methodology 4.1 Data Collection and Participants The main instrument for data collection was an online survey. An online inquiry was suitable for this study as it allowed researchers to obtain information that cannot be observed directly, such as attitudes and emotions (Creswell et al. 2007). It also provided extensive flexibility for the respondents to complete the questionnaire whenever and wherever they wanted. The survey was administered via an online panel provided by EUSurveys, a global market research firm. Online platforms are becoming increasingly common in tourism and marketing research, and such data has shown to be reliable with no bias in responses (Brandon et al. 2013). EUSurvey was selected for this study based on its research experience, reputation, and use in social sciences. The questionnaire was shared via email and social networks like LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp. Participants were recruited through non-probability convenience sampling (Sedgwick 2013). The technique used was snowball sampling, in which participants were asked to Figure 1 Conceptual Model H2 H4 H1 Mindfulness Tourism Welll-Being Satisfaction CWB H6 H5 H3 Spirituality Hapinness AWB and tourism well-being considering AWB and CWB and (2) examine if spirituality operates as a mediator between mindfulness and tourism well-being. Specifically, it is hypothesized that mindfulness will be positively associated with tourism well-being and spirituality; furthermore, spirituality will mediate the relationship between mindfulness and tourism well-being; and finally, it proposes to analyze the relationship between tourism well-being with AWB and CWB separately. share the questionnaire with other respondents. It was ensured that the participants agreed to participate in the survey freely. The study’s objectives, anonymity, and voluntary participation (with the possibility of withdrawing from the questionnaire at any time) were explained at the beginning. Additionally, all questions had a forced response to ensure that all answers were completed without missing data. This study did not focus on any specific tourism context. The final sample included 236 participants aged 19 years or older who had taken a latest trip. The sample involved 76.3% female and 23.3% male; the mean age was 34.09, with a minimum of 19 years old and a maximum of 82 years old. Regarding professional status, 28.8% were students, 42.4% were employed, 23.7% were student-workers, 2.5% were unemployed, and 2.5% were retired. 4.2 Measurements A self-administered survey was conducted using instruments from the extant literature that have been empirically validated. The formal questionnaire used in the final study
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