60 Spirituality Studies 11-2 Fall 2025 3.2 Gender Differences in Cybervictimization We compared boys and girls using Welch’s unequal-variances t-test. The analytic sample comprised N = 648 adolescents (boys n = 123, girls n = 525). Boys (M = 7.33, SD = 2.39) and girls (M = 7.27, SD = 2.87) did not differ in cybervictimization; Welch t (212.69) = 0.20, p = 0.839, ΔM = 0.06, 95% CI for the mean difference [−0.44, 0.54]; Cohen’s d = 0.02, 95% CI [−0.18, 0.21]. This test is robust to heteroscedasticity and unequal group sizes. 3.3 Correlation Analysis We computed Pearson’s r on summed scale scores (twotailed, α = 0.05) and report 95% CIs from Fisher’s z. All pairs used N = 648 (no missing data). Cybervictimization correlated positively with loneliness (total) (r = 0.18, 95% CI [0.11, 0.26], p < 0.001), social loneliness (r = 0.15, 95% CI [0.08, 0.23], p < 0.001), and emotional loneliness (r = 0.18, 95% CI [0.11, 0.26], p < 0.001), indicating weak but reliable associations. Table 3 Descriptive Statistics and Correlations Among Study Variables (N = 648) No. Variable M SD 1 2 3 1 Cybervictimization 7.28 2.79 - 2 Spirituality 7.25 3.76 0.03 - 3 Resilient coping 11.5 4.16 −0.03 −0.10* - 4 Loneliness (total) 18.1 5.66 0.18*** −0.06 −0.01 5 Loneliness (social) 8.58 3.14 0.15*** −0.11** 0.02 6 Loneliness (emotional) 9.49 3.03 0.18*** −0.01 −0.04 * Pearson’s r shown in the lower triangle. Significance: p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***). Higher resilient coping totals reflect weaker coping. Correlations of cybervictimization with spirituality (r = 0.03, 95% CI [−0.05, 0.11], p = 0.473) and with resilient coping totals (r = −0.03, 95% CI [−0.11, 0.05], p = 0.429) were approximately zero and not significant. Spirituality showed a small inverse association with resilient coping totals (r = −0.10, 95% CI [−0.17, −0.02], p = 0.015); because lower resilient-coping totals reflect stronger coping, this pattern implies that higher spirituality related to stronger resilient coping. Adolescents who ascribe greater importance to spirituality tend to exhibit slightly stronger resilient coping. Spirituality also correlated weakly and inversely with social loneliness (r = −0.11, 95% CI [−0.18, −0.03], p = 0.006) suggesting that higher spirituality is linked to slightly lower perceptions of social disconnection. Associations of spirituality with loneliness (total) (r = −0.06, 95% CI [−0.14, 0.01], p = 0.100) and emotional loneliness (r = −0.01, 95% CI [−0.09, 0.07], p = 0.833) were approximately zero and not statistically significant indicating the spirituality-loneliness link may be specific to the social dimension.
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