VOLUME 11 ISSUE 2 FALL 2025

58 Spirituality Studies 11-2 Fall 2025 total score represents an indicator of resilient coping, with a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 20. Spirituality/Religiosity. The importance of spirituality was measured with two items: (1) The spiritual side of my life is important to me; (2) Practicing religious faith is important in my life. Responses were recorded on a 7-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (6-item; De Jong Gierveld and Van Tilburg 2006). The measure comprises two subscales – emotional loneliness (3 items) and social loneliness (3 items). Respondents rate each statement on a fivepoint Likert scale (1 strongly disagree, 5 strongly agree). In this study we computed subscale means, with higher scores indicating greater emotional or social loneliness. The emotional items tap feelings of emptiness, missing others, and rejection, whereas the social items assess the perceived availability of trustworthy, dependable, and close others. Its brief 6-item format makes it well suited for adolescent surveys where respondent burden must be minimized, while still distinguishing deficits in intimate attachment from broader social integration; although longstanding, the instrument remains in active use. 3 Results Analyses were conducted in IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26). 3.1 Descriptive Analysis The summed score of cybervictimization ranged from 6 to 30 (M = 7.28, SD = 2.79) with acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.79). Prevalence of at least occasional cybervictimization was defined as a dichotomous indicator coded 1 if a respondent endorsed a response ≥ 2 (i.e., 2 = “rarely,” 3 = “sometimes,” 4 = “often,” or 5 = “very often”) on any of the six cybervictimization items; otherwise, the indicator was coded 0. In other words, respondents were counted as exposed if at least one item was rated ≥ 2. Overall, 36.3% (235/648) of adolescents reported at least occasional cybervictimization on one or more items (boys = 40.7%, girls = 35.2%). The summed score of spirituality ranged from 2 to 14 (M = 7.25, SD = 3.76). Reliability for the two-item index was good (inter-item r = 0.68). The summed score of resilient coping ranged from 4 to 20 (M = 11.5, SD = 4.16), and internal consistency was good (α = 0.81). The total loneliness score ranged from 6 to 30 (M = 18.1, SD = 5.66). Given the bidimensional structure, we report subscale descriptives and reliability: emotional loneliness (three items) showed acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.71; M = 9.49, SD = 3.03; range = 3–15), and social loneliness (three items) showed excellent internal consistency (α = 0.90; M = 8.58, SD = 3.14; range = 3–15). Cybervictimization showed marked positive skew (skewness = 3.62, excess kurtosis = 17.07), consistent with a floor effect; other scales were approximately symmetric (−0.30 ≤ skewness ≤ 0.30). Boys and girls were similar in cybervictimization (boys: M = 7.33, SD = 2.39; girls: M = 7.27, SD = 2.87) and resilient coping (boys: M = 11.5, SD = 4.48; girls: M = 11.5, SD = 4.08). Girls reported higher loneliness (total) on average (boys: M = 16.7, SD = 5.32; girls: M = 18.4, SD = 5.70), including both social loneliness (boys: M = 7.85, SD = 3.03; girls: M = 8.75, SD = 3.14) and emotional loneliness (boys: M = 8.89, SD = 2.90; girls: M = 9.63, SD = 3.04). Spirituality totals were modestly higher among girls (boys: M = 6.55, SD = 3.97; girls: M = 7.42, SD = 3.69). The results of the descriptive analysis are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

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