52 Spirituality Studies 11-2 Fall 2025 Although some HRV results did not achieve significance, factors such as small sample size, inter-individual variation, and limited duration likely influenced these outcomes. Future studies with larger cohorts, rigorous control of confounders, and longer-term follow-up may help substantiate these physiological trends. 4.1 Limitations and Future Implications While this pilot study provides encouraging preliminary evidence for the psychological and autonomic effects of Trimūrti Dhyāna, several methodological limitations warrant consideration. The small sample size (N = 30) and six-week duration may have restricted the study’s statistical power to detect subtle HRV changes. Additionally, although randomization was performed, the sample consisted exclusively of healthy male students from a single academic institution. This homogeneity helped control gender-related variability in HRV and Guṇa traits but limits generalizability across genders and broader demographics. Further, lifestyle-related confounders such as diet, sleep quality, and emotional fluctuations were not strictly controlled, which could have impacted HRV independently of the intervention. The reliance on self-report tools like the VPI may also introduce subjectivity or social desirability bias. Future research should aim to include larger, more diverse, and gender-balanced samples, longer intervention durations, and greater methodological rigor – including the use of objective neurophysiological measures like EEG or salivary cortisol. Such enhancements can deepen the understanding of how Upaniṣadic practices like Trimūrti Dhyāna contribute to psychospiritual well-being in contemporary contexts. 5 Conclusions This pilot investigation assessed the psychophysiological and psychological effects of Trimūrti Dhyāna; a meditative visualization technique grounded in the Dhyānabindu Upaniṣad. The findings indicate that consistent practice leads to a statistically significant elevation in Sattva, along with reductions in Rajas and Tamas, suggesting inner balance and self-regulation. Although most HRV parameters did not show statistically significant changes, positive physiological shifts – such as increased RMSSD, SDRR, HF Power, and significantly reduced LF Power – indicate potential autonomic benefits. The observed decline in LF/HF ratio suggests a movement toward parasympathetic dominance and improved autonomic stability. By bridging ancient contemplative methods with modern physiological metrics, this study highlights the relevance of Trimūrti Dhyāna as a psychospiritual wellness tool. It offers a non-pharmacological, accessible, and culturally rooted intervention with potential for emotional resilience and inner clarity. Future studies involving more diverse participants, extended intervention periods, and enhanced methodological rigor will be essential to confirm and expand upon these promising initial findings.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTUwMDU5Ng==