12 Spirituality Studies 11-2 Fall 2025 Table 2 Fornell-Larcker Criterion and HTMT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Mindfulness 0.67 0.67 0.47 0.59 0.32 2. Happiness 0.56 0.76 0.62 0.83 0.33 3. Spirituality 0.41 0.46 0.73 0.55 0.28 4. Satisfaction with Life 0.53 0.71 0.50 0.88 0.37 5. Tourism Well-Being 0.28 0.30 0.24 0.36 0.70 * Diagonal and italicized are the square roots of the AVE. Below the diagonal elements are the correlations between the construct’s values. Above the diagonal elements are the HTMT values. 5.3 Structural Model Evaluation A structural model was tested to investigate the empirical relation among variables (Anderson and Gerbing 1988). The SEM approach was used to test the proposed conceptual model. The present study evaluated the significance of the path coefficients by employing bootstrapping. This study, 5000 bootstrap subsamples were used to measure the significance of path coefficients. Coefficients in the standardized form are presented in Table 3 and Table 4. The results indicated that all proposed direct effects were supported. Mindfulness positively influenced tourism well-being (β = 0.22, t = 3.01, p <.001), thus supporting H1. Similarly, mindfulness positively influenced spirituality (β = 0.41, t = 7.84, p <.001), supporting H2. Furthermore, spirituality positively influenced tourism well-being (β = 0.15, t = 2.46, p <.001), indicating that H3 is supported. Additionally, tourism well-being had a positive influence on AWB (β = 0.30, t = 4.47, p <.001) and CWB (β = 0.36, t = 6.36, p <.001), supporting H5 and H6, respectively. Mediation analysis was performed to assess the mediating role of spirituality on the influence of mindfulness on tourism well-being. The results (Table 4) revealed a significant indirect effect of mindfulness on tourism well-being through spirituality (β = 0.06, t = 2.287, p <.05). The total effect of mindfulness on tourism well-being was significant (β = 0.29, t = 4,483, p <.001), with the inclusion of the mediator the effect of mindfulness on tourist well-being was still significant (β = 0.22, t = 3.01, p <.001). Thus, the results showed a complementary partial mediating role of spirituality in the relationship between mindfulness and tourist well-being.
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