62 Spirituality Studies 11-1 Spring 2025 2 Methods 2.1 Sample A convenience sample of 963 participants was used in this study. Regarding the characteristics of the participants, 35% were women and 65% were men, with the majority group consisting of people between 18 and 38 years of age (80%). 2.2 Instruments Purpose of Life. The purpose of life was measured by the Purpose-In-Life Test composed of ten items (PIL-10; García-Alandete, Martínez and Nohales 2013, 523–524) and the anchors of the response categories range from 1 to 7 points. Regarding Cronbach’s alpha value, the score obtained was.904. Religiosity. The religiosity scale used was Duke Religion Index (Koenig, Parkerson and Meador 1997, 885–886), composed of five items. The response format was Likert-type, in questions 1 and 2 of 6 points, with 1=never, 2=once a year or less, 3=sometimes a year, 4=sometimes a month, 5=once a week, and 6=more than once a week. in questions 3, 4, and 5 out of 5 points (1=definitely not true, 5=definitely true). Cronbach’s alpha score is.890. Self-Esteem. The self-esteem scale used was Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg 1965, 804), composed of ten items of which, following the proposal of Rojas-Barahona, Zegers and Förster (2009, 800), we found that items 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 correspond to positive self-esteem, and in negative self-esteem, questions 3, 5, 8, 9, and 10 stand out. Regarding the response format, it is of 4-point Likert type, graduated as follows: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree and 4=strongly agree). Cronbach’s alpha score of.875. 2.3 Procedure The questionnaire application was carried out during the academic year 2024–2025. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire, using Google Forms. To establish data collection, a questionnaire was passed through which informed consent was incorporated, informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Each participant, after reading the purpose of the research, placed at the top of the questionnaire, determined his or her continuity in completing the survey by answering the different tests included in the form. Participation was completely voluntary, anonymous, and their intervention was not compensated. All participants included in this work selected the option of accepting the use of data for research purposes while maintaining anonymity and confidentiality. On the other hand, participants could leave the study at any time they chose. 2.4 Analysis After the application of the questionnaire, the data template was downloaded from Google Forms in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet format, which was transformed and coded for use in the SPSS version 29.0 statistical package. The next step was to clean the data matrix, first eliminating those cases in which the users did not give their consent for the data to be used for research purposes. Second, missing cases were eliminated, and third, all variables were coded. Subsequently, descriptive statistics analysis of all variables (mean and standard deviation), Pearson’s bivariate correlation analysis, and multivariate linear regression analysis were performed. Furthermore, for mediation analysis, the PROCESS, Procedure for SPSS Version 4.2 package was used; specifically, a mediation analysis was carried out with two mediating variables, where we used model 6 with a 95% confidence interval and a 10.000 bootstrap number (Bolin 2014, 335–337) with the dependent variable being purpose of life, the independent variable being religiosity, and the mediating variables being positive self-esteem (mediator 1) and negative self-esteem (mediator 2).
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