Spirituality Studies 11-1 Spring 2025 29 Nadnapang Phophichit et al. Table 2 Comparison of Pre- and Post- Intervention Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate, Body Composition, Cortisol Levels, Brain Wave Measurement and Stress Assessment Parameters Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention p-Value** Systolic Blood Pressure 124.43±21.62 124.27±21.61 0.946 Diastolic Blood Pressure 75.43±13.64 73.67±12.67 0.254 Heart Rate 71.83±10.49 69.90±9.75 0.078 Body Composition Weight (kg) 54.28±10.63 53.84±10.29 0.001 BMI 22.00±3.46 21.84±3.31 0.008 Fat (%) 30.17±6.21 30.04±0.67 0.668 Fat Mass (kg) 16.85±6.38 16.55±5.81 0.128 FFM (kg) 37.43±5.45 37.29±5.72 0.409 Muscle Mass (kg) 35.34±5.06 35.21±5.30 0.418 TBW (kg) 25.71±4.57 25.68±4.85 0.864 TBW (%) 47.66±3.44 47.86±3.49 0.548 Bone Mass (kg) 2.09±0.41 2.08±0.44 0.380 Metabolic Age 44.33±10.89 43.63±9.76 0.219 Visceral Fat Rating 6.03±2.73 5.87±2.45 0.057 Degree of Obesity (%) 0.05±15.73 −0.70±15.02 0.008 Hormone Cortisol (μg/dL) 0.11±0.05 0.40±0.24 0.000 Brain Wave (Alpha/Beta Ratio Score) The highest Alpha/Beta Ratio Score 54.85±31.58 79.82±60.13 0.008 The average Alpha/Beta Ratio Score 6.16±3.22 9.80±7.16 0.002 Stress Level Stress 32.07±13.81 23.00±12.01 0.001 *Data are presented as mean ± SD ** Using the Paired t-Test 4.2 Body Composition Measurements Following the Four Foundations of Mindfulness-Based Intervention (FFMBI), several changes in body composition were observed.
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