24 Spirituality Studies 11-1 Spring 2025 Research has suggested that certain patterns of brain wave activity may be associated with improved cognitive performance and well-being. For instance, increases in alpha waves and decreases in beta waves have been linked to enhanced learning, memory retention, and improved cognitive performance (Keune et al. 2017, 1746; Young 2011, 75). In the context of mindfulness and meditation research, EEG has been instrumental in elucidating the neurophysiological correlates of these practices. Studies have consistently shown that meditation is associated with increased alpha and theta wave activity, reflecting states of relaxed alertness and internalized attention (Cahn and Polich 2006, 180). The integration of EEG measurements in mindfulness research provides objective data to complement subjective reports, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of mindfulness practices on brain function. This approach aligns with the growing trend towards using multimodal assessment methods in studying the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on both psychological and physiological parameters. In conclusion, by examining salivary cortisol levels, body composition, blood pressure, pulse rate, and brain waves, researchers can gain a more holistic understanding of the effects of mindfulness practices on overall health and well-being. This integrative approach paves the way for more comprehensive investigations into the mechanisms underlying the benefits of mindfulness and its potential applications in healthcare and personal development. 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Research Design This study employed a mixed-methods approach to investigate the effects of Four Foundations of Mindfulness-Based Intervention (FFMBI) on various physiological and psychological parameters. The research was conducted in two phases: a qualitative phase followed by a quantitative phase. 3.2 Qualitative Research The qualitative phase aimed to develop a comprehensive Four Foundations of Mindfulness-Based Intervention (FFMBI) and inform the design of the intervention for the quantitative phase. This included an extensive literature review of primary sources, such as English translations of the Tipiṭaka related to the Four Foundations of Mindfulness, as well as secondary sources, including commentaries, research articles, and Buddhist journals. In addition to the literature review, in-depth, in-person interviews were conducted with 12 key informants, including Vipassanā meditation Masters and Buddhist scholars. The primary aim of these interviews was to gather expert insights on structuring and organizing the FFMBI. This qualitative phase played a crucial role in shaping the intervention design, ensuring that it was both practically effective and aligned with the Four Foundations of Mindfulness practice in accordance with the principles of the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta. The interviews were conducted by the lead researcher, a scholar with a PhD in Buddhist Studies and an MA in Buddhist Psychology, as well as a dedicated practitioner with extensive experience in the Four Foundations of Mindfulness meditation. This background ensured an in-depth data collection process. Each interview lasted between one and two hours, providing ample time for key informants to share their perspectives on the optimal duration, structure, and supplementary activities of the FFMBI.
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