S p i r i t ua l i t y S t u d i e s 7 - 1 S p r i n g 2 0 2 1 7 3 Raysa Geaquinto Rocha 4.2 Wisdom and Knowledge Management Dhamija (2019, 3919) suggests that the Vedas, ancient scriptures of Hinduism, are “the eternal source of wisdom and sagacity” that can support changes, innovation, and spread the physical and spiritual emancipation of individuals. Dhamija (2019) advocates that Vedic management emphasizes certainty and proposes that whenever there is definitiveness, a proper diffusion and application of knowledge is possible. Also, it points out the effective and efficient acquisition, utilization of knowledge, and how it is essential to (individual) wisdom. It did not approach the practices of Knowledge Management. It also does not suggest a concept of wisdom nor explains its relationship with knowledge or knowledge management. 4.3 Knowledge, Spirituality and Wisdom In exploratory research with senior managers, Alammar and Pauleen (2015) found four factors related to managerial wisdom, namely, knowledge and experience, emotional intelligence, mentorship, and deliberation and consultation. They proposed a definition of managerial wisdom. It is “as embodied by a manager, includes a substantial base of knowledge and experience, a high level of emotional intelligence integrating reasoning and deliberation and a mentoring perspective with respect to employees” (Alammar and Pauleen 2015, 559). In this definition, it is possible to connect the characteristics with spirituality, although that expression is not used by the authors or the interviewed. Several open codes (thematic analysis) from the participants relate to spirituality (individual, workplace, and organizational). For instance: emotional intelligence (altruistic, empathy, self-reflection, and self-awareness), consultation and deliberation (discussion, reasoning, and delegation), and mentorship (advice-given, tutoring, and training). Spiller et al. (2011) investigate wisdom through the approach of Indigenous Maori. The authors define wisdom as “the enlightened weaving of knowledge, expertise, and authority to nurture and unfold the life-force to achieve well-being” (2011, 226). They explain that the authority is the spiritual power that humans need to use to create conscious well-being (Spiller et al. 2011). In this section, knowledge, spirituality and wisdom are discussed on an individual level. The wise leader is the actor. Alammar and Pauleen (2015) mention knowledge management practices (mentorship, tutoring, and training) as part of managerial wisdom. 4.4 Knowledge Management, Spirituality and Organizational Wisdom Bierly et al. (2000) explain that judgment and action are elements of wisdom. These are three main factors for developing organizational wisdom, namely, experience, passion for learning, and spirituality. McKenna, Rooney and Boal (2009, 179) propose that wise leaders have an “even spiritual” quality. In addition to technical knowledge, they appreciate subjective experiences and non-rational elements in the decision-making process. They defend that wisdom is complementary to the knowledge required to the strategic leader; that is, the metaphysical quality of wisdom complements reason. Knowledge management affects organizational wisdom through organizational learning and the development of explicit and tacit knowledge. They also suggest future research at the organizational level (McKenna et al. 2009).
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